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OALib Journal期刊

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Comparisons of resistance of CF and Non-CF pathogens to Hydrogen Peroxide and Hypochlorous Acid Oxidants In Vitro
Ryan W Bonvillain, Richard G Painter, Elisa M Ledet, Guoshun Wang
BMC Microbiology , 2011, DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-112
Abstract: PsA was relatively resistant to both H2O2 (LD50 = 1.5 mM) and HOCl (LD50 = 0.035 mM). SA was susceptible to H2O2 (LD50 = 0.1 mM) but resistant to HOCl (LD50 = 0.035 mM). Interestingly, KP was extremely resistant to high doses of H2O2 (LD50 = 2.5-5.0 mM) but was very sensitive to low doses of HOCl (LD50 = 0.015 mM). BC was intermediate to resist both oxidants: H2O2 (LD50 = 0.3-0.4 mM) and HOCl (LD50 = 0.025 mM). EC displayed the least resistance to H2O2 (LD50 = 0.2-0.3 mM) and HOCl (LD50 = 0.015 mM). The identified profile of H2O2-resistance was KP > PsA > BC > EC > SA and the profile of HOCl-resistance PsA > SA > BC > EC > KP. Moreover, both oxidants affected ATP production and membrane integrity of the cells. However, the effects varied among the tested organisms and, the oxidant-mediated damage correlated differentially with the bacterial viability.The order of HOCl-resistance identified herein best fits the clinical profile of CF infections. Even though oxidants are able to disrupt ATP production and cell membrane integrity, the degrees of damage vary among the organisms and correlate differentially with their viability.Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common fatal genetic disease in Caucasians and is caused by mutations of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a cAMP-stimulated chloride (Cl-) channel [1]. The most devastating anomaly of CF is the lung disease which is characterized by chronic bacterial infection, abnormal airway inflammation, extensive neutrophil infiltration and small airway obstruction [2,3]. CF lung infection has a unique pathogen profile which is distinct from other lung infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Burkholderia cepacia are the most prevalent, among which P. aeruginosa predominates [4-6]. Strikingly, all the CF organisms except S. aureus are opportunistic pathogens, which do not cause infections in healthy hosts [6]. I
Human multipotent stromal cells attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice via secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 6
Svitlana Danchuk, Joni H Ylostalo, Fokhrul Hossain, Randy Sorge, Austin Ramsey, Ryan W Bonvillain, Joseph A Lasky, Bruce A Bunnell, David A Welsh, Darwin J Prockop, Deborah E Sullivan
Stem Cell Research & Therapy , 2011, DOI: 10.1186/scrt68
Abstract: To better understand how human MSCs (hMSCs) may act in ALI, the lungs of immunocompetent mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and four hours later bone marrow derived hMSCs were delivered by oropharyngeal aspiration (OA). The effect of hMSCs on lung injury was assessed by measuring the lung wet/dry weight ratio and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid 24 or 48 h after LPS. BAL fluid was also analyzed for the presence of inflammatory cells and cytokine expression by multiplex immunoassay. Microarray analysis of total RNA isolated from treated and untreated lungs was performed to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in hMSC modulation of lung inflammation.Administration of hMSCs significantly reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil counts and total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage. There was a concomitant reduction in pulmonary edema. The anti-inflammatory effects of hMSCs were not dependent on localization to the lung, as intraperitoneal administration of hMSCs also attenuated LPS-induced inflammation in the lung. Microarray analysis revealed significant induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6/TSG-6) expression by hMSCs 12 h after OA delivery to LPS-exposed lungs. Knockdown of TSG-6 expression in hMSCs by RNA interference abrogated most of their anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, intra-pulmonary delivery of recombinant human TSG-6 reduced LPS-induced inflammation in the lung.These results show that hMSCs recapitulate the observed beneficial effects of rodent MSCs in animal models of ALI and suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of hMSCs in the lung are explained, at least in part, by activation of hMSCs to secrete TSG-6.Acute lung injury (ALI) and its more severe manifestation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are major complications in critically ill patients. ALI is a syndrome of widespread lung inflammation and increased pulmonary vascular permeability resulting
Cyclosporine and Hepatitis C  [PDF]
Ryan Caballes, Mark W. Russo
Open Journal of Organ Transplant Surgery (OJOTS) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/ojots.2012.24009
Abstract: End stage liver disease from hepatitis C is a leading indication for liver transplantation. Recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplant may lead to cirrhosis and graft failure in up to 25% of recipients five years after liver transplantation. Anti-viral therapy is challenging after liver transplantation due to increased side effects including cytopenias and decreased efficacy compared to the nontransplant population. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine are the most common immunosuppressants used to prevent graft rejection. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine and may be preferred to cyclosporine. However, cyclosporine may have activity against hepatitis C and may have a theoretical advantage to tacrolimus in hepatitis liver transplant recipients. Cyclosporine may inhibit NS5B and NS5A protein complexes and increase endogenous interferon activity. Cyclophilin inhibitors without immunosuppressive properties are under development and represent a novel mechanisms for inhibiting HCV replication.
American Indian Identity and Blood Quantum in the 21st Century: A Critical Review
Ryan W. Schmidt
Journal of Anthropology , 2011, DOI: 10.1155/2011/549521
Abstract: Identity in American Indian communities has continually been a subject of contentious debate among legal scholars, federal policy-makers, anthropologists, historians, and even within Native American society itself. As American Indians have a unique relationship with the United States, their identity has continually been redefined and reconstructed over the last century and a half. This has placed a substantial burden on definitions for legal purposes and tribal affiliation and on American Indians trying to self-identify within multiple cultural contexts. Is there an appropriate means to recognize and define just who is an American Indian? One approach has been to define identity through the use of blood quantum, a metaphorical construction for tracing individual and group ancestry. This paper will review the utility of blood quantum by examining the cultural, social, biological, and legal implications inherent in using such group membership and, further, how American Indian identity is being affected.
Samuel A. Stouffer and The American Soldier
Ryan, Joseph W
Journal of Historical Biography , 2010,
Abstract:
American Indian Identity and Blood Quantum in the 21st Century: A Critical Review
Ryan W. Schmidt
Journal of Anthropology , 2011, DOI: 10.1155/2011/549521
Abstract: Identity in American Indian communities has continually been a subject of contentious debate among legal scholars, federal policy-makers, anthropologists, historians, and even within Native American society itself. As American Indians have a unique relationship with the United States, their identity has continually been redefined and reconstructed over the last century and a half. This has placed a substantial burden on definitions for legal purposes and tribal affiliation and on American Indians trying to self-identify within multiple cultural contexts. Is there an appropriate means to recognize and define just who is an American Indian? One approach has been to define identity through the use of blood quantum, a metaphorical construction for tracing individual and group ancestry. This paper will review the utility of blood quantum by examining the cultural, social, biological, and legal implications inherent in using such group membership and, further, how American Indian identity is being affected. 1. Introduction Identity in American Indian communities and the ability to define tribal membership has continually been a subject of contentious debate. To obtain federal recognition and protection, American Indians, unlike any other American ethnic group, must constantly prove their identity, which in turn, forces them to adopt whatever Indian histories or identities are needed to convince themselves and others of their Indian identity, and thus their unique cultural heritage. Is there an appropriate means to recognize and define just what and who is an Indian? Should it be necessary for federal officials and tribes to continually reconstruct definitions to suit the present sociopolitical climate for American Indian identity? These questions need to be answered in light of American Indian identity politics, including how race serves as a basis for the exclusion or inclusion of “mixed bloods” within tribal communities and the United States society as a whole. In this context, identity has become one of the great issues of contestation in an increasingly multicultural and “multiracial” society. One approach to answer these complex questions since initial contact between Native American tribes and European Americans has been to define identity through the use of blood quantum, a metaphorical, and increasingly physiological construction for tracing individual and group ancestry. Initially used by the federal government to classify “Indianness” during the late 1800s in the United States, many American Indian tribes have adopted the use of blood quantum to
Expiratory Upper Airway Obstruction Caused by the Soft Palate during Bag-Mask Ventilation  [PDF]
Charles W. Buffington, Cynthia M. Q. Wells, Ryan J. Soose
Open Journal of Anesthesiology (OJAnes) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/ojanes.2012.22010
Abstract: Introduction: Expiratory upper airway obstruction during bag-mask ventilation is not well characterized. Methods: An audit was done to assess expiratory obstruction in 90 adult surgical patients undergoing bag-mask ventilation during the induction of general anaesthesia. Results: Clinicians experienced difficulty delivering gas to the lungs when the head was neutral in 52 of 90 patients (58%; inspiratory obstruction) but this problem was corrected by head tilt and chin lift in all but 2 patients. Clinicians experienced difficulty recovering gas from the lungs when the mouth was held closed under the mask in 30 of the remaining 88 patients (34%; expiratory obstruction). This problem persisted despite head tilt and chin lift in all but one patient but was uniformly corrected by opening the mouth. Inspection of the soft palate revealed that it was lying on the posterior pharyngeal wall in 27 of 30 patients with expiratory obstruction and that the retropalatal space was patent in 55 of 58 patients without expiratory obstruction (χ2, P < 0.001). The clinical predictors of expiratory upper airway obstruction included advanced age, large tongue, and large uvula. Conclusion: Expiratory airway obstruction should be suspected in all cases of difficult mask ventilation that cannot be corrected by head tilt and chin lift. Simply allowing the mouth to open between positive pressure breaths will permit gas to exit the lungs.
Creative Approaches to Environmental Learning: Two perspectives on Teaching Environmental Art Education
Hilary Inwood,Ryan W. Taylor
International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education , 2012,
Abstract: Environmental art education is growing in popularity in college and university programs as the arts begin to play a more prominent role in environmental and sustainability education. As this emerging field of study is an interdisciplinary endeavor that draws from the more established fields of visual art education and environmental education, environmental art education offers a means to increase the pool of potential learners to those in the arts and sciences, as well as diversify learning to ensure that it is memorable and authentic. This article describes two different approaches to the design of courses in this emerging field from the perspectives of both science and art educators, in hopes of providing direction on the development of curricula and pedagogy in environmental art education to other educators.
Revealing missing parts of the interactome
Ryan W. Solava,Tijana Milenkovi？
Quantitative Biology , 2013,
Abstract: Protein interaction networks (PINs) are often used to "learn" new biological function from their topology. Since current PINs are noisy, their computational de-noising via link prediction (LP) could improve the learning accuracy. LP uses the existing PIN topology to predict missing and spurious links. Many of existing LP methods rely on shared immediate neighborhoods of the nodes to be linked. As such, they have limitations. Thus, in order to comprehensively study what are the topological properties of nodes in PINs that dictate whether the nodes should be linked, we had to introduce novel sensitive LP measures that overcome the limitations of the existing methods. We systematically evaluate the new and existing LP measures by introducing "synthetic" noise to PINs and measuring how well the different measures reconstruct the original PINs. Our main findings are: 1) LP measures that favor nodes which are both "topologically similar" and have large shared extended neighborhoods are superior; 2) using more network topology often though not always improves LP accuracy; and 3) our new LP measures are superior to the existing measures. After evaluating the different methods, we use them to de-noise PINs. Importantly, we manage to improve biological correctness of the PINs by de-noising them, with respect to "enrichment" of the predicted interactions in Gene Ontology terms. Furthermore, we validate a statistically significant portion of the predicted interactions in independent, external PIN data sources. Software executables are freely available upon request.
The Development and Testing of an Instrument to Measure Youth Social Capital in the Domain of Postsecondary Transitions
Brian W. Junker,Sarah Ryan
- , 2019, DOI: 10.1177/0044118X16685233
Abstract: Through the development and field testing of an instrument designed to measure youth social capital in the context of postsecondary transitions, this research addresses the need for theory-driven measures of social capital among youth. The results offer preliminary evidence that dimensions of youth social capital, including network structure and network content, can be reliably measured and that these dimensions of social capital are interrelated in a manner consistent with theory. The results also offer initial support for the validity of the social capital construct within the domain of youth postsecondary transitions. Taken together, the findings provide a foundation for continued research that might surmount inadequate measures and theoretical disputes to encompass more careful and rigorous empirical scrutiny when it comes to the measurement of social capital among children and adolescents
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